



Relies on a single private key for signing. If the key is lost or compromised, the assets are unrecoverable.
Requires paying gas fees in the chain's native token (e.g., ETH, BNB, MATIC). For new users, this is often a barrier.
Can only submit one transaction at a time. Complex workflows (swap → bridge → stake) require multiple manual signatures.
Security depends solely on private key management, with limited extensibility.
Limited functionality, not extensible.
Allow customizable validation logic, supporting multi-signature, 2FA, social recovery, hardware binding, and more.
Introduce the Paymaster mechanism, allowing gas fees to be paid with any token, or even subsidized by third parties.
Support batch operations and atomic execution, enabling multiple steps in a single request.
Enable risk controls (daily limits, whitelists, time delays) and tiered security (small transfers no signature, large with multi-approval).
Smart contracts by nature and can deeply integrate with DeFi, NFT, cross-chain, and payment protocols.